Membrane potential instabilities in sensory neurons: mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance.

ABSTRACT: Peripheral sensory neurons transduce physicochemical stimuli affecting somatic tissues into the firing of action potentials that are conveyed to the central nervous system. This results in conscious perception, adaptation, and survival, but alterations of the firing patterns can result in pain and hypersensitivity conditions. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying action potential firing in peripheral sensory neurons is essential in sensory biology and pathophysiology. Over the past 30 years, it has been consistently reported that these cells can display membrane potential instabilities (MPIs), in the form of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations or depolarizing spontaneous fluctuations. However, research on this subject remains sparse, without a clear conductive thread to be followed. To address this, we here provide a synthesis of the description, molecular bases, mathematical models, physiological roles, and pathophysiological implications of MPIs in peripheral sensory neurons. Membrane potential instabilities have been reported in trigeminal, dorsal root, and Mes-V ganglia, where they are believed to support repetitive firing. They are proposed to have roles also in intercellular communication, ectopic firing, and responses to tonic and slow natural stimuli. We highlight how MPIs are of great interest for the study of sensory transduction physiology and how they may represent therapeutic targets for many pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic pain, itch, and altered sensory perceptions. We identify future research directions, including the elucidation of the underlying molecular determinants and modulation mechanisms, their relation to the encoding of natural stimuli and their implication in pain and hypersensitivity conditions.

Impaired Binding to Junctophilin-2 and Nanostructural Alteration in CPVT Mutation.

[Figure: see text].

The Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin Has an Inadequate Anti-Arrhythmic Profile in the ΔKPQ NaV1.5 Mutant of the Long QT Type 3 Syndrome.

Type 3 long QT syndromes (LQT3) are associated with arrhythmogenic gain-of-function mutations in the cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channel (hNaV1.5). The citrus flavanone hesperetin (HSP) was previously suggested as a template molecule to develop new anti-arrhythmic drugs, as it blocks slowly-inactivating currents carried by the LQT3-associated hNaV1.5 channel mutant R1623Q. Here we investigated whether HSP also has potentially beneficial effects on another LQT3 hNaV1.5 channel variant, the ΔKPQ, which is associated to lethal ventricular arrhythmias. We used whole-cell patch-clamp to record Na+ currents (INa) in HEK293T cells transiently expressing hNaV1.5 wild type or ΔKPQ mutant channels. HSP blocked peak INa and the late INa carried by ΔKPQ mutant channels with an effective concentration of ≈300 µM. This inhibition was largely voltage-independent and tonic. HSP decreased the rate of inactivation of ΔKPQ channels and, consequently, was relatively weak in reducing the intracellular Na+ load in this mutation. We conclude that, although HSP has potential value for the treatment of the R1623Q LQT3 variant, this compound is inadequate to treat the LQT3 associated to the ΔKPQ genetic variant. Our results underscore the precision medicine rationale of better understanding the basic pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms to provide phenotype- genotype-directed individualization of treatment.

The citrus flavanone hesperetin preferentially inhibits slow-inactivating currents of a long QT syndrome type 3 syndrome Na+ channel mutation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The citrus flavanone hesperetin has been proposed for the treatment of several human pathologies, but its cardiovascular actions remain largely unexplored. Here, we evaluated the effect of hesperetin on cardiac electrical and contractile activities, on aortic contraction, on the wild-type voltage-gated NaV 1.5 channel, and on a channel mutant (R1623Q) associated with lethal ventricular arrhythmias in the long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used cardiac surface ECG and contraction force recordings to evaluate the effects of hesperetin in rat isolated hearts and aortic rings. Whole-cell patch clamp was used to record NaV 1.5 currents (INa ) in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and in HEK293T cells expressing hNaV 1.5 wild-type or mutant channels. KEY RESULTS: Hesperetin increased the QRS interval and heart rate and decreased the corrected QT interval and the cardiac and aortic contraction forces at concentrations equal or higher than 30 µmol·L-1 . Hesperetin blocked rat and human NaV 1.5 channels with an effective inhibitory concentration of ≈100 µmol·L-1 . This inhibition was enhanced at depolarized holding potentials and higher stimulation frequency and was reduced by the disruption of the binding site for local anaesthetics. Hesperetin increased the rate of inactivation and preferentially inhibited INa during the slow inactivation phase, these effects being more pronounced in the R1623Q mutant. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Hesperetin preferentially inhibits the slow inactivation phase of INa , more markedly in the mutant R1623Q. Hesperetin could be used as a template to develop drugs against lethal cardiac arrhythmias in LQT3.

Silica nanoparticles inhibit the cation channel TRPV4 in airway epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have numerous beneficial properties and are extensively used in cosmetics and food industries as anti-caking, densifying and hydrophobic agents. However, the increasing exposure levels experienced by the general population and the ability of SiNPs to penetrate cells and tissues have raised concerns about possible toxic effects of this material. Although SiNPs are known to affect the function of the airway epithelium, the molecular targets of these particles remain largely unknown. Given that SiNPs interact with the plasma membrane of epithelial cells we hypothesized that they may affect the function of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a cation-permeable channel that regulates epithelial barrier function. The main aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of SiNPs on the activation of TRPV4 and to determine whether these alter the positive modulatory action of this channel on the ciliary beat frequency in airway epithelial cells. RESULTS: Using fluorometric measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) we found that SiNPs inhibit activation of TRPV4 by the synthetic agonist GSK1016790A in cultured human airway epithelial cells 16HBE and in primary cultured mouse tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Inhibition of TRPV4 by SiNPs was confirmed in intracellular Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp experiments performed in HEK293T cells over-expressing this channel. In addition to these effects, SiNPs were found to induce a significant increase in basal [Ca2+]i, but in a TRPV4-independent manner. SiNPs enhanced the activation of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, demonstrating that these particles have a specific inhibitory action on TRPV4 activation. Finally, we found that SiNPs abrogate the increase in ciliary beat frequency induced by TRPV4 activation in mouse airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that SiNPs inhibit TRPV4 activation, and that this effect may impair the positive modulatory action of the stimulation of this channel on the ciliary function in airway epithelial cells. These findings unveil the cation channel TRPV4 as a primary molecular target of SiNPs.

TRPV4 activation triggers protective responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in airway epithelial cells.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major components of the wall of gram-negative bacteria, trigger powerful defensive responses in the airways via mechanisms thought to rely solely on the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) immune pathway. Here we show that airway epithelial cells display an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration within seconds of LPS application. This response occurs in a TLR4-independent manner, via activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 cation channel (TRPV4). We found that TRPV4 mediates immediate LPS-induced increases in ciliary beat frequency and the production of bactericidal nitric oxide. Upon LPS challenge TRPV4-deficient mice display exacerbated ventilatory changes and recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the airways. We conclude that LPS-induced activation of TRPV4 triggers signaling mechanisms that operate faster and independently from the canonical TLR4 immune pathway, leading to immediate protective responses such as direct antimicrobial action, increase in airway clearance, and the regulation of the inflammatory innate immune reaction.

Proarrhythmic effect of sustained EPAC activation on TRPC3/4 in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

The Exchange Protein directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC) participates to the pathological signaling of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, in which the role of Ca(2+) entry through the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC) channels begin to be appreciated. Here we studied whether EPAC activation could influence the activity and/or expression of TRPC channels in cardiac myocytes. In adult rat ventricular myocytes treated for 4 to 6h with the selective EPAC activator, 8-pCPT (10µM), we observed by Fluo-3 confocal fluorescence a Store-Operated Ca(2+) Entry (SOCE) like-activity, which was blunted by co-incubation with EPAC inhibitors (ESI-05 and CE3F4 at 10 µM). This SOCE-like activity, which was very small in control incubated cells, was sensitive to 30-µM SKF-96365. Molecular screening showed a specific upregulation of TRPC3 and C4 protein isoforms after 8-pCPT treatment. Moreover, sustained EPAC activation favored proarrhythmic Ca(2+) waves, which were reduced either by co-incubation with EPAC inhibitors or bath perfusion with TRPC inhibitors. Our study provides the first evidence that sustained selective EPAC activation leads to an increase in TRPC3 and C4 protein expression and induces a proarrhythmic SOCE-like activity in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, which might be of importance during the development of cardiac diseases.

Direct actions of naringin on rat cardiac and vascular smooth muscle / Acciones directas de la naringina sobre los músculos cardíaco y liso vascular de rata

Naringin (NRG) is a flavanone glycoside present in grapefruit juice. Its biological activity has been only partially characterized and little is known about its potential effects in the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of NRG on the electrical and contractile activities of isolated rat hearts and on the contraction of rat abdominal aortic rings. NRG exerted a negative inotropic action in hearts with an IC50 of 72.5 umol/L but its effects on heart rate and surface electrogram were minimal. Surprisingly, NRG (10-100 umol/L) was able to increase tension in aortic rings contracted by isotonic KCl or phenylephrine. This action of NRG was also evident in aortic rings in basal (resting) conditions but it was absent when resting aortic rings were previously perfused with ryanodine (30 umol/L). Our results indicate that NRG has direct actions on cardiac and vascular smooth muscles that should be taken into account when considering this molecule either as a dietetic supplement or as a template to develop therapeutic agents for human diseases.

La naringina (NRG) es un glicósido de flavanona que se encuentra presente en el jugo de toronja. Su actividad biológica ha sido solo parcialmente caracterizada y poco se conoce acerca de sus efectos sobre el sistema cardiovascular. En la presente investigación estudiamos los efectos de la NRG sobre las actividades eléctrica y contráctil de corazones aislados de rata y sobre la contracción de anillos de aorta abdominal de rata. La NRG ejerció una acción inotropo-negativa en corazones con una IC50 de 72.5 umol/L pero sus efectos sobre la frecuencia cardíaca y el electrograma de superficie fueron mínimos. Sorpresivamente, la NRG (10-100 umol/L) incrementó la tensión en anillos de aorta contraídos por KCl isotónico o fenilefrina. Esta acción de la NRG ocurrió también en anillos de aorta en condiciones basales (en reposo) pero estuvo ausente cuando los anillos de aorta fueron previamente perfundidos con ryanodina (30 umol/L). Nuestros resultados indican que la NRG tiene acciones directas sobre los músculos cardíaco y liso vascular que deben tenerse en cuenta al considerar esta molécula como suplemento dietético o como plantilla para el desarrollo de agentes terapéuticos para el tratamiento de enfermedades en humanos.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibits L-type calcium channels in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells.

Cinnamaldehyde (CA), a major component of cinnamon, is known to have important actions in the cardiovascular system, including vasorelaxation and decrease in blood pressure. Although CA-induced activation of the chemosensory cation channel TRPA1 seems to be involved in these phenomena, it has been shown that genetic ablation of Trpa1 is insufficient to abolish CA effects. Here, we confirm that CA relaxes rat aortic rings and report that it has negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on isolated mouse hearts. Considering the major role of L-type Ca(2+) channels in the control of the vascular tone and cardiac contraction, we used whole-cell patch-clamp to test whether CA affects L-type Ca(2+) currents in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (VCM, with Ca(2+) as charge carrier) and in mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells (VSMC, with Ba(2+) as charge carrier). We found that CA inhibited L-type currents in both cell types in a concentration-dependent manner, with little voltage-dependent effects. However, CA was more potent in VCM than in VSMC and caused opposite effects on the rate of inactivation. We found these divergences to be at least in part due to the use of different charge carriers. We conclude that CA inhibits L-type Ca(2+) channels and that this effect may contribute to its vasorelaxing action. Importantly, our results demonstrate that TRPA1 is not a specific target of CA and indicate that the inhibition of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels should be taken into account when using CA to probe the pathophysiological roles of TRPA1.

Ahnak1 is a tuneable modulator of cardiac Ca(v)1.2 calcium channel activity.

Ahnak1 has been implicated in the beta-adrenergic regulation of the cardiac L-type Ca(2+) channel current (I (CaL)) by its binding to the regulatory Cavß(2) subunit. In this study, we addressed the question whether ahnak1/Cavß(2) interactions are essential or redundant for beta-adrenergic stimulation of I (CaL). Three naturally occurring ahnak1 variants (V5075 M, G5242R, and T5796 M) identified by genetic screening of cardiomyopathy patients did essentially not influence the in vitro Cavß(2) interaction as assessed by recombinant proteins. But, we observed a robust increase in Cavß(2) binding by mutating Ala at position 4984 to Pro which creates a PxxP consensus motif in the ahnak1 protein fragment. Surface plasmon resonance measurements revealed that this mutation introduced an additional Cavß(2) binding site. The functionality of A4984P was supported by the specific action of the Pro-containing ahnak1-derived peptide (P4984) in beta-adrenergic regulation of I (CaL). Patch clamp recordings on cardiomyocytes showed that intracellular perfusion of P4984 markedly reduced I (CaL) response to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoprenaline, while the Ala-containing counterpart failed to affect I (CaL). Interestingly, I (CaL) of ahnak1-deficient cardiomyocytes was not affected by peptide application. Moreover, I (CaL) of ahnak1-deficient cardiomyocytes showed intact beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Similarly isolated ahnak1-deficient mouse hearts responded normally to adrenergic challenge. Our results indicate that ahnak1 is not essential for beta-adrenergic up-regulation of I (CaL) and cardiac contractility in mice. But, tuning ahnak1/Cavß(2) interaction provides a tool for modulating the beta-adrenergic response of I (CaL).

Acciones cardiovasculares del ibuprofeno / Ibuprofen cardiovascular actions

El ibuprofeno (IB) es un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE) de amplio uso por su alta efectividad y buen margen de seguridad. Sin embargo, poco se conoce de sus posibles acciones cardiovasculares. Algunas evidencias clínicas sugieren que este AINE pudiera tener efectos adversos sobre el sistema cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las posibles acciones colaterales del ibuprofeno sobre corazón y músculo liso vascular, tomando como patrón de comparación el ácido flufenámico (AF), fármaco con probada acción inotropo negativa. Se utilizó la técnica clásica de corazón de rata aislado y perfundido (Langendorff), registrando electrograma superficial y la fuerza de contracción. También se estudió el efecto sobre la contracción de aorta abdominal de rata inducida por KCl isotónico y por fenilefrina (10 µmol/L). En comparación con el AF (IC50=9,5 µmol/L), el IB tuvo un pobre efecto inotrópico negativo (IC20=30 µmol/L). A la concentración máxima utilizada (100 µmol/L), el IB fue menos efectivo que el AF en reducir el intervalo QT (25 ± 7 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) y alargar el intervalo RR (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). Mientras que el AF no tuvo acción sobre la contracción aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina, el IB provocó una vasorrelajación de » 30 por ciento de la contracción aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina aunque solo a la concentración máxima (100 µmol/L). Estos resultados sugieren que las acciones cardiovasculares directas del IB son mínimas lo cual contribuye al buen margen de seguridad para su uso en clínica en pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular

Ibuprofen (IB) is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used because of its high effectivity and good safety margin. However, little is known about its possible cardiovascular actions. Some evidences in clinics suggest that this NSAID could have adverse side effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this investigation was to study the possible side effects of IB on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, taking as a reference the flufenamic acid (FA) a drug with known negative inotropic action. We used the isolated perfused rat heart (Langendorff) and recorded the surface electrogram and the force of contraction. We also studied the effects of IB on the KCl- or fenilephrine- (10 µmol/L) induced contraction of rat abdominal aorta. Compared to FA (IC50 = 9.5 µmol/L), IB showed a small negative inotropic effect (IC20 = 30 µmol/L). At the maximal concentration used (100 µmol/L), IB was less effective than FA in reducing the QT interval (45 ± 10 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) and prolonging the RR interval (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). While FA had no effect on the aortic contraction (KCl or fenilepinephrine), IB relaxed aortic contraction (KCl or fenilephrine) by » 30 percent but only at the highest concentration (100 µmol/L). The present results suggest that cardiovascular actions of IB are minimal contributing to its good safety margin when used in clinics in patients not suffering from cardiovascular diseases

Cardiac cellular actions of quebrachidine, an indole alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia viridis Roem et Schult

INTRODUCTION: the search for new drugs with safer therapeutic profiles in Cardiology is still a need and natural products, particularly from plants, constitute an excellent source of new compounds. OBJECTIVE: to study the cardiac cellular actions of quebrachidine an indole alkaloid, extracted from the roots of Rauwolfia viridis R et S, known as Quebrachidine, which is structurally related to the antiarrhythmics ajmaline and prajmaline. METHODS: several complementary experimental approaches to evaluate the effects of quebrachidine on the electrophysiological and contractile properties of cardiac tissues and cells were used. RESULTS: quebrachidine increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold in anaesthetized rabbits. It decreased the maximum rate of depolarization and increased the duration of the ventricular action potential in different species. These actions were accompanied by a positive inotropic effect over a broad concentration range and were consistent with the increase in Ca2+ currents recorded in single ventricular cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: the present results demonstrate that quebrachidine keeps the antiarrhythmic profile of ajmaline and prajmaline but also demonstrates a net positive inotropic action on cardiac tissues predictive of better therapeutic safety margin. Our results suggest that ajmalan-like molecular structures could provide a sound basis for the search of effective antiarrhythmics with positive inotropic effect

INTRODUCCIÓN: la búsqueda de nuevos fármacos con perfiles terapéuticos más seguros en cardiología, es aun una necesidad y los productos naturales, particularmente de plantas, constituyen una fuente excelente de nuevos compuestos. OBJETIVOS: estudiar las acciones celulares cardíacas de la quebrachidina, un alcaloide indólico extraído de las raíces de Rauwolfia viridis R et S, el cual está estructuralmente relacionado con los antiarrítmicos ajmalina y prajmalina. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron diferentes modelos experimentales complementarios para evaluar los efectos de la quebrachidina sobre las propiedades electrofisiológicas y contráctiles de tejidos y células cardíacas. RESULTADOS: la quebrachidina incrementó el umbral para la fibrilación ventricular en conejos anestesiados. Este alcaloide redujo la velocidad máxima de despolarización y aumentó la duración del potencial de acción ventricular de diferentes especies. Estas acciones estuvieron acompañadas de un efecto inotrópico positivo en un amplio rango de concentraciones y asociadas a un incremento en las corrientes de Ca2+ en cardiomiocitos ventriculares aislados. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados demuestran que la quebrachidina conserva el perfil antiarrítmico de la ajmalina y la prajmalina pero muestra un efecto inotrópico positivo neto en tejidos cardíacos lo cual predice un mejor margen de seguridad terapéutico. Los resultados sugieren que las estructuras moleculares con núcleo ajmalano pueden constituir una base firme para la búsqueda de antiarrítmicos con efecto inotrópico positivo

Cardiac cellular actions of quebrachidine, an indole alkaloid isolated from Rauwolfia viridis Roem et Schult

INTRODUCTION: the search for new drugs with safer therapeutic profiles in Cardiology is still a need and natural products, particularly from plants, constitute an excellent source of new compounds. OBJECTIVE: to study the cardiac cellular actions of quebrachidine an indole alkaloid, extracted from the roots of Rauwolfia viridis R et S, known as Quebrachidine, which is structurally related to the antiarrhythmics ajmaline and prajmaline. METHODS: several complementary experimental approaches to evaluate the effects of quebrachidine on the electrophysiological and contractile properties of cardiac tissues and cells were used. RESULTS: quebrachidine increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold in anaesthetized rabbits. It decreased the maximum rate of depolarization and increased the duration of the ventricular action potential in different species. These actions were accompanied by a positive inotropic effect over a broad concentration range and were consistent with the increase in Ca2+ currents recorded in single ventricular cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: the present results demonstrate that quebrachidine keeps the antiarrhythmic profile of ajmaline and prajmaline but also demonstrates a net positive inotropic action on cardiac tissues predictive of better therapeutic safety margin. Our results suggest that ajmalan-like molecular structures could provide a sound basis for the search of effective antiarrhythmics with positive inotropic effect(AU)

INTRODUCCIÓN: la búsqueda de nuevos fármacos con perfiles terapéuticos más seguros en cardiología, es aun una necesidad y los productos naturales, particularmente de plantas, constituyen una fuente excelente de nuevos compuestos. OBJETIVOS: estudiar las acciones celulares cardíacas de la quebrachidina, un alcaloide indólico extraído de las raíces de Rauwolfia viridis R et S, el cual está estructuralmente relacionado con los antiarrítmicos ajmalina y prajmalina. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron diferentes modelos experimentales complementarios para evaluar los efectos de la quebrachidina sobre las propiedades electrofisiológicas y contráctiles de tejidos y células cardíacas. RESULTADOS: la quebrachidina incrementó el umbral para la fibrilación ventricular en conejos anestesiados. Este alcaloide redujo la velocidad máxima de despolarización y aumentó la duración del potencial de acción ventricular de diferentes especies. Estas acciones estuvieron acompañadas de un efecto inotrópico positivo en un amplio rango de concentraciones y asociadas a un incremento en las corrientes de Ca2+ en cardiomiocitos ventriculares aislados. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados demuestran que la quebrachidina conserva el perfil antiarrítmico de la ajmalina y la prajmalina pero muestra un efecto inotrópico positivo neto en tejidos cardíacos lo cual predice un mejor margen de seguridad terapéutico. Los resultados sugieren que las estructuras moleculares con núcleo ajmalano pueden constituir una base firme para la búsqueda de antiarrítmicos con efecto inotrópico positivo(AU)

Acciones cardiovasculares del ibuprofeno / Ibuprofen cardiovascular actions

El ibuprofeno (IB) es un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE) de amplio uso por su alta efectividad y buen margen de seguridad. Sin embargo, poco se conoce de sus posibles acciones cardiovasculares. Algunas evidencias clínicas sugieren que este AINE pudiera tener efectos adversos sobre el sistema cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las posibles acciones colaterales del ibuprofeno sobre corazón y músculo liso vascular, tomando como patrón de comparación el ácido flufenámico (AF), fármaco con probada acción inotropo negativa. Se utilizó la técnica clásica de corazón de rata aislado y perfundido (Langendorff), registrando electrograma superficial y la fuerza de contracción. También se estudió el efecto sobre la contracción de aorta abdominal de rata inducida por KCl isotónico y por fenilefrina (10 Ámol/L). En comparación con el AF (IC50=9,5 Ámol/L), el IB tuvo un pobre efecto inotrópico negativo (IC20=30 Ámol/L). A la concentración máxima utilizada (100 Ámol/L), el IB fue menos efectivo que el AF en reducir el intervalo QT (25 ± 7 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) y alargar el intervalo RR (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). Mientras que el AF no tuvo acción sobre la contracción aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina, el IB provocó una vasorrelajación de ¼ 30 por ciento de la contracci¾n aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina aunque solo a la concentración máxima (100 Ámol/L). Estos resultados sugieren que las acciones cardiovasculares directas del IB son mínimas lo cual contribuye al buen margen de seguridad para su uso en clínica en pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Ibuprofen (IB) is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used because of its high effectivity and good safety margin. However, little is known about its possible cardiovascular actions. Some evidences in clinics suggest that this NSAID could have adverse side effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this investigation was to study the possible side effects of IB on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, taking as a "reference" the flufenamic acid (FA) a drug with known negative inotropic action. We used the isolated perfused rat heart (Langendorff) and recorded the surface electrogram and the force of contraction. We also studied the effects of IB on the KCl- or fenilephrine- (10 Ámol/L) induced contraction of rat abdominal aorta. Compared to FA (IC50 = 9.5 Ámol/L), IB showed a small negative inotropic effect (IC20 = 30 Ámol/L). At the maximal concentration used (100 Ámol/L), IB was less effective than FA in reducing the QT interval (45 ± 10 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) and prolonging the RR interval (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). While FA had no effect on the aortic contraction (KCl or fenilepinephrine), IB relaxed aortic contraction (KCl or fenilephrine) by ¼ 30 percent but only at the highest concentration (100 Ámol/L). The present results suggest that cardiovascular actions of IB are minimal contributing to its good safety margin when used in clinics in patients not suffering from cardiovascular diseases(AU)

Acciones cardiovasculares del ibuprofeno / Ibuprofen cardiovascular actions

El ibuprofeno (IB) es un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE) de amplio uso por su alta efectividad y buen margen de seguridad. Sin embargo, poco se conoce de sus posibles acciones cardiovasculares. Algunas evidencias clínicas sugieren que este AINE pudiera tener efectos adversos sobre el sistema cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las posibles acciones colaterales del ibuprofeno sobre corazón y músculo liso vascular, tomando como patrón de comparación el ácido flufenámico (AF), fármaco con probada acción inotropo negativa. Se utilizó la técnica clásica de corazón de rata aislado y perfundido (Langendorff), registrando electrograma superficial y la fuerza de contracción. También se estudió el efecto sobre la contracción de aorta abdominal de rata inducida por KCl isotónico y por fenilefrina (10 µmol/L). En comparación con el AF (IC50=9,5 µmol/L), el IB tuvo un pobre efecto inotrópico negativo (IC20=30 µmol/L). A la concentración máxima utilizada (100 µmol/L), el IB fue menos efectivo que el AF en reducir el intervalo QT (25 ± 7 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) y alargar el intervalo RR (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). Mientras que el AF no tuvo acción sobre la contracción aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina, el IB provocó una vasorrelajación de ¼ 30 por ciento de la contracción aórtica inducida por KCl o por fenilefrina aunque solo a la concentración máxima (100 µmol/L). Estos resultados sugieren que las acciones cardiovasculares directas del IB son mínimas lo cual contribuye al buen margen de seguridad para su uso en clínica en pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Ibuprofen (IB) is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used because of its high effectivity and good safety margin. However, little is known about its possible cardiovascular actions. Some evidences in clinics suggest that this NSAID could have adverse side effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this investigation was to study the possible side effects of IB on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, taking as a reference the flufenamic acid (FA) a drug with known negative inotropic action. We used the isolated perfused rat heart (Langendorff) and recorded the surface electrogram and the force of contraction. We also studied the effects of IB on the KCl- or fenilephrine- (10 µmol/L) induced contraction of rat abdominal aorta. Compared to FA (IC50 = 9.5 µmol/L), IB showed a small negative inotropic effect (IC20 = 30 µmol/L). At the maximal concentration used (100 µmol/L), IB was less effective than FA in reducing the QT interval (45 ± 10 ms vs. 60 ± 15 ms; N ³ 5) and prolonging the RR interval (60 ± 10 ms vs. 145 ± 20 ms; N ³ 5). While FA had no effect on the aortic contraction (KCl or fenilepinephrine), IB relaxed aortic contraction (KCl or fenilephrine) by ¼ 30 percent but only at the highest concentration (100 µmol/L). The present results suggest that cardiovascular actions of IB are minimal contributing to its good safety margin when used in clinics in patients not suffering from cardiovascular diseases(AU)

Ahnak1 modulates L-type Ca(2+) channel inactivation of rodent cardiomyocytes.

Ahnak1, a giant 700 kDa protein, has been implicated in Ca(2+) signalling in various cells. Previous work suggested that the interaction between ahnak1 and Cavbeta(2) subunit plays a role in L-type Ca(2+) current (I (CaL)) regulation. Here, we performed structure-function studies with the most C-terminal domain of ahnak1 (188 amino acids) containing a PxxP consensus motif (designated as 188-PSTP) using ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from rats, wild-type (WT) mice and ahnak1-deficient mice. In vitro binding studies revealed that 188-PSTP conferred high-affinity binding to Cavbeta(2) (K (d) approximately 60 nM). Replacement of proline residues by alanines (188-ASTA) decreased Cavbeta(2) affinity about 20-fold. Both 188-PSTP and 188-ASTA were functional in ahnak1-expressing rat and mouse cardiomyocytes during whole-cell patch clamp. Upon intracellular application, they increased the net Ca(2+) influx by enhancing I (CaL) density and/or increasing I (CaL) inactivation time course without altering voltage dependency. Specifically, 188-ASTA, which failed to affect I (CaL) density, markedly slowed I (CaL) inactivation resulting in a 50-70% increase in transported Ca(2+) during a 0 mV depolarising pulse. Both ahnak1 fragments also slowed current inactivation with Ba(2+) as charge carrier. By contrast, neither 188-PSTP nor 188-ASTA affected any I (CaL) characteristics in ahnak1-deficient mouse cardiomyocytes. Our results indicate that the presence of endogenous ahnak1 is required for tuning the voltage-dependent component of I (CaL) inactivation by ahnak1 fragments. We suggest that ahnak1 modulates the accessibility of molecular determinants in Cavbeta(2) and/or scaffolds selectively different beta-subunit isoforms in the heart.

L-type Ca(2+) current in ventricular cardiomyocytes.

L-type Ca(2+) channels are mediators of Ca(2+) influx and the regulatory events accompanying it and are pivotal in the function and dysfunction of ventricular cardiac myocytes. L-type Ca(2+) channels are located in sarcolemma, including the T-tubules facing the sarcoplasmic reticulum junction, and are activated by membrane depolarization, but intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation limits Ca(2+) influx during action potential. I(CaL) is important in heart function because it triggers excitation-contraction coupling, modulates action potential shape and is involved in cardiac arrhythmia. L-type Ca(2+) channels are multi-subunit complexes that interact with several molecules involved in their regulations, notably by beta-adrenergic signaling. The present review highlights some of the recent findings on L-type Ca(2+) channel function, regulation, and alteration in acquired pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as in inherited arrhythmic cardiac diseases such as Timothy and Brugada syndromes.

Role of T-type Ca2+ channels in the heart.

After the first demonstration 30 years ago that Ca2+ could permeate through two different channels, the occurrence and role of T-type Ca2+ current, ICaT have been the matter of hundreds of publications, including the two 1985' reports in various cardiac tissues and species. Except for its specific biophysical characteristics, ICaT is no longer so easily distinguished from the L-type Ca2+ current, ICaL, since it is also sensitive to multiple compounds and various neuromediators including the beta-adrenergic agonists. Changes in ICaT occur during development, so that while it is recorded in all embryonic and neonatal cells investigated, ICaT has been reported in adult ventricular cells of only few species in control. However, under various pathological conditions, ICaT is often recorded at some phases of remodelling at least in some localized area and one or more of the three channel proteins, Cav3.1-3.3 are clearly re-expressed under the influence of IGF-1, endothelin, and angiotensin II. ICaT contributes to the control of electrical activity including pacemaker and arrhythmia. Furthermore ICaT, and its low-depolarisation window current, participate in Ca2+ entry, so that ICaT has been involved in the release of Ca2+ from internal stores, the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism, although at much lower level than ICaL. ICaT contributes also to Ca2+-dependent hormonal secretion. This review further emphasizes the difficulties encountered in analysing this current.

Occurrence of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive calcium current in rat ventricular myocytes after long-term myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of a TTX-sensitive Ca(2+) current that occurred only following remodelling after myocardial infarction in Wistar rat. METHODS: Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we studied ionic inward current in myocytes isolated from four different ventricular regions of control Wistar rat hearts, or from hearts 4 to 6 months after ligation of the left coronary artery. Inward current characteristics were also analysed in Xenopus laevis oocytes that heterologously expressed the human sodium channel alpha-subunit Nav1.5. The effects of oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl-hydroxyperoxide as well as those of PKA-dependent phosphorylation, which partly mimic the pathological conditions, were investigated on control cardiomyocytes and Nav1.5-expressing oocytes. RESULTS: In Na-free solution, a low-threshold, tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward current was found in 20 out of 78 cells isolated from 16 post-myocardial infarcted (PMI) cardiomyocytes but not in cardiomyocytes from young and sham rat hearts. This current exhibited kinetics and pharmacological properties similar to the I(Ca(TTX)) current previously reported. I(Ca(TTX))-like current was critically dependent on extracellular Na(+) and was reduced by micromolar Na(+) concentrations. Neither in normal rat cardiomyocytes nor in Nav1.5-expressing oocytes could a I(Ca(TTX))-like current be elicited in Na(+)-free extracellular solution, even after oxidative stress or PKA-dependent phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that I(Ca(TTX))-like current in PMI myocytes does not arise from classical Na(+) channels modified by oxidative stress or PKA phosphorylation and most probably represents a different Na(+) channel type re-expressed in some cells after remodelling.